insist, persevere, persist, adhere, cling, assert, stay, maintain, hang, hold, stick, keep

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张耘《英语易混词辨析》

insist, persevere, persist, adhere, cling, assert, stay, maintain, hang,

hold, stick, keep



●都可表示“坚持”之意。

◆insist可表示“坚持主张”自己的看法、意见等，不顾反对，或“坚决要求”别人做某事，立场坚定，可作及物动词和不及物动词。

◇insist作及物动词时不能用名词、代词或动词不定式作宾语，只能用that从句作宾语；从句用陈述语气(引导词that可省略)表示已发生的事或已存在的状态，意为“坚持认为，坚持说”；从句用虚拟语气(谓语用should +动词原形或直接用动词原形，引导词that一般不省略)表示尚未发生的动作，意为“坚持要，一定要”。

I insisted (that) he was wrong. 我坚持认为他错了。

He insists that he had done right. 他坚持认为自己做对了。 He insisted that she was careful. 他坚持认为她是小心的。

He insisted that she (should) be careful. 他坚持她应该小心。

We all insisted that we (should) not rest until we fulfilled the task. 我们都坚持要完成了任务再休息。 ◇insist作不及物动词时与介词on[upon]连用，再后接名词、代词或动名词，动名词作介词on[upon]的宾语时，可加名词或代词的所有格(正式)或宾格(非正式)表示其逻辑主体，该动名词的否定式是把not加在动名词前。

I’ll go with you if you insist. 如果你坚持，我就跟你去。

We insist on[upon] self-reliance. 我们坚持自力更生。 He insists on seeing me home. 他坚持要送我回家。

He insists on my[me] being there. 他坚持要我到场。 He insists on my going there with him.

他坚持要我同他一起去那里。

He insists that I (should) go there with him.

He insists on not seeing you until next week. 他坚持要下星期才见你。

◇在美语文章中常见insist on[upon] it that-clause结构，它与insist that-clause或insist on[upon]结构相同。 She insists upon it that he go.

She insists that he (should) go. 她一定要他去。 She insists upon his going.

He insists on it that he is innocent.

He insists that he is innocent. 他坚持他是无罪的。

He insists on his innocence.

◆persevere意为“坚持不懈，锲而不舍，不屈不挠”，为不及物动词，后接介词in[with, at]短语，表示不怕困难或反对而坚持或持续某种具体的好的行为，只用于褒义。

He encouraged me to persevere in my studies. 他鼓励我要锲而不舍地学习。

He persevered with his work. 他孜孜不倦地工作。

◆persist多作不及物动词，可表示在行动上不顾困难、反对或警告仍然“坚持”做原来所做的事，但所坚持的事不一定都是好的或正确的，可用于褒义，但更常用于贬义，着重不听劝告、固执己见、一意孤行；后接in (doing) sth.表示“坚持(继续)做某事”；后接with sth.表示“不畏困难继续做某事”，常用于褒义，含锲而不舍之意。

He persists in his opinion. 他固执己见。

He persisted in doing things in his own way. 他坚持按自己的办法做事。

He persisted in reading the newspaper at the dinner table. 他执意一边吃晚饭一边看报纸。

They persisted with the agricultural reforms, despite opposition from the farmers. 尽管农民反对，他们坚持农业改革。

◇persist可作及物动词，后接that从句作宾语，可意为“坚持说”；表示“坚持是怎么回事”时，从句谓语用陈述语气；表示“坚持该怎么做”时，从句谓语用虚拟语气。


He persisted that he was strong enough to go back to work. 他反复说他身体已经好了，可以去上班了。 He persisted that he is innocent (of the crime). 他坚持他是无罪的。

He persisted that he (should) walk there. 他坚持步行去那里。

◆adhere可表示“坚持”原则、规则、计划、意见、承诺、决心、习惯等，含坚持不懈之意，不及物动词，与介词to连用，多用于正式场合。

We should adhere to our opinions. 我们应当坚持我们的意见。

He adhered to his plan to leave early. 他坚持他的计划要早点动身。

All communists should adhere to the mass line. 共产党人都应坚持群众路线。

He has adhered to the view that it is my responsibility. 他始终认为这是我的责任。

I will adhere to my opinion until contrary facts appear. 如果没有相反的事实，我将坚持我的意见。 China adheres to its opening-up strategy for mutual benefits and win-win outcomes. 中国坚持实行互利共赢的对外开放战略。

◆cling可表示“坚持”信仰、习惯、意见、原则、理论等，墨守成规，为不及物动词，与介词to连用。 Up till today she still clings to old beliefs. 时至今日，她仍坚持旧的信仰。 She clung to the hope that her son was not dead. 她坚信她儿子还活着。 He clings to the old prejudices. 他死抱着陈旧的偏见不放。

He clings to the opinion. 他坚持这个意见。

◆assert可表示“坚持”断言、主张、权利、权威等，强调把自己的信念强加于人或者企图硬要别人信服或认可，及物动词，后接名词或名词性从句作宾语，也可接“(to be) +名词或形容词”作补足语的复合宾语。

He asserted his rights. 他坚持自己的权利。

I encouraged him to assert his view of the matter. 我鼓励他坚持自己对此事的看法。

She asserted that her story was true. ⇌ She asserted her story to be true. 她坚称她的话是真实的。 She asserted his innocence. ⇌ She asserted that he was innocent. 她断言他无罪。 ◆stay作动词时可意为“坚持”，表示忍耐困难，撑到底，坚持到底。 She stayed to the end of the race. 她坚持跑完全程。

He stayed to see the end of the game. 他坚持看到比赛结束。

No one expected her to stay the course. But she did. 谁都没有料到她能跑到终点，而她却坚持到底了。 ◆maintain可表示“坚持”意见、原则、主张等，在反对意见面前或在争论当中怀有坚定不移的信念，及物动词，后接名词、代词或that从句作宾语，也可接以名词、形容词或to be +形容词充当补足语的复合宾语。

He maintained his innocence. 他坚持认为自己无罪。

He maintained that he was innocent. 他坚持认为自己无罪。 I maintained him an honest man. 我坚持认为他是个诚实的人。

He maintained his teaching method efficient. 他坚持认为他的教学方法是高效率的。 He maintained this plan to be practicable. 他坚持认为这个计划是可行的。

◆hang可与某些副词连用表示“坚持”之意；hang on意为“坚持住，坚持下去”，意味不管困难多大，只要坚持下去，就会取得成功，在电话用语中表示“别挂断，等一下”；hang in意为“坚持下去”，侧重不胆怯，不泄气，用于口语；hang out意为“坚持下去，维持下去”，侧重不屈服。

Hang on a little longer. 再坚持一会儿。

I’m sorry the line is busy; would you like to hang on? 很遗憾电话占线，请别挂断。 Hang in, boys! 孩子们，别泄气！

We must hang in whenever we come across difficulties. 当我们遇到困难时，一定要坚持不懈。 I hung out until help came. 我坚持到有人来救援。

Our food hung out for five days. 我们的食物维持了五天。

◆hold可与许多介词或副词连用，表示“坚持”；hold by表示“坚持”原则、意见等；hold on可表示“坚持下去”，强调抓紧、握紧、不松手、知难而进，也可表示“持续，继续”，也可在电话用语中表示“别挂断”；hold out可表示“坚持”要求，指不屈服、不妥协、决不让步，强调坚定不移，也可表示“继续”生存或运行；hold to可表示“坚持”原则、观点等，侧重不放弃或不改变。

We hold by our principles. 我们坚持自己的原则。

It was rather hard to fulfil the task, but he held on and overfulfilled it. 完成这项任务很困难，但他坚持下


去，结果超额完成了任务。

I don’t think I can hold on much longer. 我觉得自己坚持不了多长时间了。

He held on to the rock to stop himself slipping. 他紧紧抓住岩石以免自己往下滑。 The storm held on all night. 暴风雨持续了一整夜。

Hold on, please. 请不要挂断。(电话用语)

I can’t hold out much longer; I must find a toilet. 我憋不住了，得找个厕所。

We held out against the strong wind and big waves for two days and nights. 我们在大风大浪中坚持搏斗了两个昼夜。

He holds to a simple life. 他坚持过着简朴的生活。 I shall hold to my decision. 我将坚持我的决定。

She always holds to her convictions. 她始终坚持自己的信念。

◆stick作不及物动词时与许多介词或副词连用，表示“坚持，坚守，遵守，忠于”决定、意见、计划、原则等；stick at可意为“坚持干，继续努力做某事”；stick by意为“忠实于”，可表示“坚持，维护”原则、信念等，强调忠心和真心；stick fast可意为“坚持不变”，强调固执己见；stick in可意为“坚持不懈，努力工作”；stick out可意为“坚持做某事”，虽然困难或不愉快，但也坚持到底，用于口语；stick out for意为“坚持要求，坚持索取”，不达目的绝不罢休；stick to可意为“坚持”意见、观点、计划等，多表示坚持不放弃或不改变，也表示不顾困难坚持做某事，持续不断，孜孜不倦；stick with可意为把工作等“坚持到底”，“持续注视，继续从事”某事。

You must stick at it if you want to succeed. 如果你想成功，你就得继续努力。 She’ll stick at it till she succeeds. 她将坚持直至成功。 She stuck at her books till midnight. 他坚持读书到深夜。 I’ll stick by him. 我将忠于他。

I stick by my beliefs. 我坚持我的信念。

He stuck fast and refused to be influenced. 他固执己见，不听劝。

If we stick in for a few years, I’m confident we’ll succeed. 如果我们坚持数年，我相信我们一定成功。 Jack and Tom had a bet as to who would stick out the longer. 杰克与汤姆打赌看谁能坚持得更久。 The prisoner stuck out that he had not been present at the scene of the crime. 犯人坚持说他不在作案现场。 Success is mine if I stick it out. 只要我坚持到底，成功就是我的。 The workers stuck out for higher wages. 工人坚持要求涨工资。 He sticks to his ideals. 他坚持他的理想。

We must stick to our previous plan. 我们必须坚持原计划。 He sticks to what he said before. 他坚持他自己说过的话。

It’s very important to stick to everything for long. 凡事坚持到底是很重要的。

You gave me the courage to stick with my reform to the end. 你给我勇气把改革坚持到底。

I’m sticking with my idea. 我坚持我的主张。

◆keep可与某些介词或副词连用，表示“坚持”；keep at意为“坚持做”，强调不放弃；keep to意为“坚持，保持，信守”；keep up意为“继续，坚持”，表示在原有的基础上“继续提高”，或表示物价等“居高不下，不低落”。

Keep at it. 不要放弃！

The task is tiring, but I will keep at it until I’ve finished. 这工作很累人，但我会坚持下去，直到完成为止。 He kept at his studies although he was ill. 尽管他疾病缠身，但坚持学习。 Keep to what you think is right. 你认为正确的就坚持。 He always keeps to his promises. 他总是说话算数。 Keep up your French. 把法语坚持学下去。

The farmers are keeping the prices up. 农民坚持不降价。

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